THE DATA OF CRIMINAL STATISTICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Value of criminal statistics, 51--The three factors of crime, 52--
Anthropological factors, 53--Physical factors, 53--Social factors,
53--Crime a product of complex conditions, 54--Social conditions
do not explain crime, 55--Effects of temperature on crime, 58--
Crime a result of biological as well as social conditions, 59--The
measures to be taken against crime are of two kinds, preventive
and eliminative, 61--The fluctuations of crime chiefly produced by
social causes, 61--Steadiness of the graver forms of crime, 63--
Effect of judicial procedure on criminal statistics, 64--Crimes
against the person are high when crimes against property are low,
64--Is crime increasing or decreasing? 64--Official optimism in
criminal statistics, 67--Density of population and crime, 73--
Conditions on which the fluctuations of crime depend, 77--
Quetelet's law of the mechanical regularity of crime, 80--The
effect of environment on crime, 81--The effect of punishment on
crime, 82--The value of punishment is over-estimated, 82--
Statistical proofs of this, 86--Biological and sociological
proofs, 92--Crime is diminished by prevention not by repression,
96--Legislators and administrators rely too much on repression,
98--The basis of the belief in punishment, 99--Natural and legal
punishment, 103--The discipline of consequences, 104--The
uncertainty of legal punishment, 105--Want of foresight among
criminals, 105--Penal codes cannot alter invincible tendencies,
106--Force is no remedy, 107--Negative value of punishment, 109.
II. Substitutes for punishment, 110--The elimination of the causes
of crime, 113--Economic remedies for crime, 114--Drink and crime,
116--Drunkenness an effect of bad social conditions, 120--Taxation
of drink, 120--Laws against
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drink, 121--Social amelioration a substitute for penal law, 121--
Social legislation and crime, 122--Political amelioration as a
preventive of crime, 124--Decentralisation a preventive, 126--
Legal and administrative preventives, 128--Prisoners' Aid
Societies, 130--Education and crime, 130--Popular entertainments
and crime, 131--Physical education as a remedy for crime, 131--To
diminish crime its causes must be eliminated, 132--The aim and
scope of penal substitutes, 134--Difficulty of applying penal
substitutes, 137--Difference between social and police prevention,
139--Limited efficacy of punishment, 140--Summary of conclusions,
141.
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